Volatility and Risk Analysis of Bitcoin Returns During the COVID-19 Pandemic

·

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic, which emerged in early 2020, triggered unprecedented global economic disruptions. Central banks and governments worldwide implemented expansive monetary and fiscal policies to mitigate the crisis. Amidst this uncertainty, Bitcoin emerged as a speculative asset attracting "safe-haven" capital, with its price surging over 300% in 2020—outperforming gold’s 25% rise. This study analyzes Bitcoin’s return volatility using GARCH models to provide actionable insights for investors navigating speculative assets during crises.


Literature Review

1. Bitcoin’s Monetary Attributes

2. Risk Characteristics

3. Regulatory Measures


Methodology

1. Data

2. Models


Key Findings

  1. Volatility Clustering:

    • ARCH/GARCH terms were highly significant ((p < 0.01)), confirming persistent volatility post-shock.
  2. Persistence:

    • Sum of ARCH + GARCH coefficients ≈ 0.97 (pre-pandemic) and 0.96 (post-pandemic), indicating slow decay of volatility impacts.
  3. Leverage Effects:

    • Pre-pandemic: No significant leverage effect ((γ = -0.02), (p > 0.05)).
    • Post-pandemic: Positive leverage ((γ = 0.15), (p < 0.05)), showing heightened sensitivity to negative news (e.g., pandemic escalation).

Conclusion

Bitcoin exhibited heightened volatility and risk sensitivity during COVID-19, with post-pandemic returns disproportionately affected by adverse shocks. Investors should:

👉 Explore advanced crypto trading strategies


FAQs

Q1: Why did Bitcoin outperform gold during the pandemic?
A: Bitcoin’s decentralized nature appealed as a hedge against inflationary policies, while its liquidity suited rapid capital movements.

Q2: How reliable are GARCH models for crypto volatility?
A: GARCH models effectively capture clustering but should be paired with leverage-aware models (e.g., APARCH) for asymmetric markets.

Q3: What regulatory risks does Bitcoin face?
A: Potential bans or restrictions (e.g., China’s 2021 crackdown) can trigger abrupt price drops.

👉 Learn about risk management in crypto